Cleaning out Windows Registry

There are many third party software on the market that will do the job. One that I have used for several years and have been very satisfied with is a program called EasyCleaner. Best of all, it's FREE!

EasyCleaner is a small program which searches Windows' registry for entries that are pointing nowhere. Deleting these entries will speed your computer up. But as you already might know, deleting entries from registry can be dangerous for your computer, so it is wise to make a backup of your registry. EasyCleaner also lets you delete all kinds of unnecessary files like temps, backups etc. You can search for duplicate files and you can view some interesting info about your disk space usage! ToniArts may not be held accountable in any way if EasyCleaner affects your computer in a negative way. Here's a list of some features:

  • Finds invalid registry entries - deleting them speeds up your computer up to 20%!
  • Finds duplicate files - deleting them will free disk space!
  • Finds all unnecessary files like backups, temps etc.
  • Very user friendly!
  • Shows some interesting info about your disk space usage.
  • Very customizable.
  • Uses only little amount of recourses while running!
  • Huge help file which gives you every little detail about EasyCleaner!
  • And much more...

Disable certain services

Many of the services provided in Windows XP are not needed and in many cases can either slow down your system or add certain security risks. Below, is a list of services that you can disable to create a safer and faster system. You can access the listed services through the Computer management Console:

Go to Start>> Right click My Computer>> Select 'Manage' from the resulting menu. Then, open Services and Applications and click Services. Now the right pane will have all of the services listed in alphabetical order. To disable a service, right click the entry and select "Stop" from the resulting menu. If it is already disabled, then "Stop" will be greyed out.

Note: Disable only if your computer is not networked and you are the sole user.

Services:

Alerter
Clipbook
Computer Browser
Fast User Switching
Human Interface Access Devices
Indexing Service (slows the hard drive)
Messenger
Net Logon (not necessary unless networked on a domain)
Netmeeting Remote Desktop Sharing (disabled for added security)
Remote Desktop Help Session Manager (disabled for added security)
Remote Procedure Call Locator
Remote Registry (disabled for added security)
Routing & Remote Access (disabled for added security)
Server
SSDP Discovery Service (this leaves TCP Port 5000 open)
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
Telnet (disabled for added security)
Universal Plug and Play Device Host
Upload Manager
Windows Time
Wireless Zero Configuration (for wireless networks)
Workstation

Disk Cleanup Utility Hangs

Over time, you may notice that the Disk Cleanup Utility takes longer and longer to sort files or won't complete the cleanup process. This is usually caused by a full TEMP directory, corrupt temp files or a heavily fragmented hard disk. Try cleaning out the temp files using the method below, then perform a disk defragmentation:

Start>> All Programs>> Accessories>> System Tools>> Disk Defragmenter.

To clean TEMP files:

Go to Start>> Run, type in: %temp% [Enter]

In the resulting menu, select Edit>> Select All [Delete] Then select Yes.

The Disk Cleanup Utility should run much better for you now!

Enable or Disable Boot Defrag

A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option is enabled but on some builds it is not enabled. Below, you will find information on how to Enable/Disable this feature:
  1. Go to Start>> Run>> Type in: regedit [Enter]
  2. Drill down to: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOptimizeFunction
  3. Single click on BootOptimizeFunction to empty its contents into the right pane
  4. Right click "Enable" from the list in the right pane
  5. Select Modify from the resulting menu
  6. Change the value to Y to enable and N to disable
  7. Reboot your computer for the change to take effect

How to Diagnose & Repair Desktop LCD Backlight Problems

How to Diagnose & Repair Desktop LCD Backlight Problems
The liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor that connects to your desktop computer is powered by an inverter board and a cold cathode backlight bulb that shines a light through a sheet of plastic to display images on the screen. If your LCD monitor is no longer displaying images the problem is most likely caused by the backlight bulb burning out. You can repair the monitor by manually removing its case and replacing the burned-out bulb.




  1. Power on your computer and wait until there should be an image displaying on your LCD monitor. Look directly into the monitor from a distance of about 1 inch way. Cup your hands around your face to block out the light in the room and get a clearer view of the LCD screen. Check to see if there is a faint light visible in the screen, which will indicate that the cold cathode backlight has gone out, or no image at all, which will indicate a different problem.


  2. Check the manual that came with your desktop LCD monitor or navigate to the manufacturer's website and find the model of cold cathode bulb that the monitor uses as a backlight. Purchase a corresponding replacement bulb.


  3. Power off your computer and then remove the monitor cable from the port on the back of the computer case. Disconnect the monitor stand from the monitor either by pulling out the plastic latches or by removing the screws holding it to the monitor's casing.


  4. Lay the monitor face down onto a stable work surface such as a desk or table. Take out the screws along the edges of the monitor's casing and set them aside. Lift the back side of the monitor case off of the monitor and set it aside. Check to see if your model of LCD monitor has the backlight directly exposed on the lower end of the monitor or if it is hidden behind another plastic or metal piece.


  5. Remove the screws holding the plastic or metal piece over the bulb if there is one present and set the piece aside. Check to see if your model of monitor keeps the bulb in a plastic casing or if it is soldered directly to the metal. Use a soldering tool to remove the solder or instead use a rotary cutting tool to cut into the clear plastic casing around the bulb if it is inside a case.


  6. Slide the new bulb into the open spot on the monitor and either solder it in place or use a piece of tape to cover over the opening you made on the plastic casing with the rotary cutting tool. Place the metal or plastic cover back on if there was one and reattach the screws. Set the casing back onto the monitor and place the screws back in.


  7. Put the stand back on the monitor and then reconnect it to your desktop computer. Power the computer on and wait for an image to appear on the screen to make sure the backlight bulb was installed correctly.



Tips & Warnings
  • The components inside a monitor are highly susceptible to electrical damage. Always release the built-up static electricity in your body before opening a monitor's case by touching a metal object grounded to the floor.
  • Opening up the LCD monitor will void the warranty provided by the monitor's manufacturer. If your monitor is still under warranty you may be able to get the backlight issue resolved for free by contacting the manufacturer.

How to Replace a Laptop's Backlight

If your laptop computer backlight starts to go dim, it may be time for a new bulb. Replacing a laptop backlight is a challenging undertaking and you should do it with caution. Complete this delicate task by following these steps.


  1. Prepare a clean work area for the laptop replacement backlight repair. Dust and lint can ruin a LCD Screen. Don't use any cloth material during the laptop repair. Unplug the laptop and remove the battery.


  2. Disassemble the laptop. Remove the LCD screen from the body of the laptop. Detach the metal frame from around the LCD screen. Unlock the latches on the frame with the small screwdriver. Keep track of all parts during disassembly. Place the parts in an organized group and put them to the side until it is time to reassemble them.


  3. Remove the bulb housing from the main frame. Use the small screwdriver to work the bulb slowly out of the bulb housing. Remove the rubber caps from the ends of the laptop computer backlight bulb. Use wire cutters to snip the cables close to the ends of the bulb.


  4. Strip off a couple of millimeters of insulation to easily fasten wire to the conductor of the replacement bulb. Solder the wire and cut the excess from the new bulb.


  5. Place the rubber caps back on the ends of the laptop replacement backlight bulb.


  6. Reassemble the LCD screen back to the metal frame. Reattach the LCD screen to the main body of the laptop. Be sure all parts are fastened back into place. Power up the laptop to test the replacement backlight.


Tips & Warnings
  • Avoid touching any internal components to avoid damaging them.
  • Avoid rough handling of the replacement bulb.

How to Network Computers Using a Hub

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

  • hub
  • router
  • more than two computers
  • straight-through network cable
  • power adapter
  • blank disk

  1. To set up a network using a hub without internet access (Make sure all computers are off)
    Take one end of the power adapter and plug it into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.


  2. Turn on your computers.
    Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into one of the numbered ports on the hub. Take the other end and plug it into the computer’s network jack. If you did it right, green lights should come on. Repeat steps above for the remaining computers.


  3. To set up a network using a hub with router for internet access(Make sure all computers are off)
    Take one end of the power adapter and plug into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.


  4. Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into the uplink port on the hub. Take the other end and of the cable and plug it into the uplink port on the router. If it only has one port, use the LAN port and set the switch to crossover located on the back of the router.


  5. Turn on your computers.
    Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug it into one of the numbered ports on the hub (except the uplink port). Take the other end and plug it into the network connector on the computer. If you did it right, green lights should come on, as you connect each computer.


  6. Repeat the above steps for the remaining computers.
    To configure Windows for the wired connection
    Make sure everything is connected and turned on. Click on Start, All Programs, Accessories, Communications, then click Network
    Setup Wizard. The Network Setup Wizard opens.


  7. Click next and the select a connection method
    If you get any message other than ‘select a connection method’, you must check and make sure that all the cables are connected correctly. It will also say this if you have a wireless ethernet connection already installed in your computer. If this is the case simply click on ‘ignore disconnected network hardware’ and click on next.


  8. If you are using the internet click on ‘this computer connects through the internet through another computer on my network or through a residential gateway’
    If you are not using the internet click on ‘this computer belongs to a network that does not have internet connection’


  9. Click next. The message ‘your computer has multiple connections’ will appear if your computer has wired and wireless ethernet capabilities.
    If it does select the ‘let me choose the connection to my network’
    Click to select the Local Area Connection box, then click next.


  10. Type a description of the computer in the computer description box
    Type a computer name in the computer name box. Names must be 15 characters and can contain both numbers and letters. It will be used to identify your computer to other users on the network.


  11. Click next and type a workgroup name in the workgroup name box. The name must be the same for all the computers on the network and the name must be different than any computer name on your network.


  12. Click next to apply the network settings. Since you are setting up an ethernet network for the other computers, select Create a network disk so that you can use it on the other computers on your network.
    Click on Finish. Each computer on your network must have a unique name but the same workgroup name.


  13. To configure the TCP/IP protocol. This becomes the default when networking is set up Windows XP.
    To enter the IP address and subnet mask in Windows XP, go to Start, Control Panel, Network and Internet Connections(in category view). Double click on network connections.


  14. Right-click Local Area Connection, then click Properties. Check the Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) box under the ‘This connection uses the following items’. Click on properties, then the general tab ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ assuming that your router automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on the network.


  15. Click Ok to close the Internet Protocol box, Click ok to close the Local Area connection dialog box, Click x to close the Network Connections window.


  16. Repeat this procedure for every computer on your network. After you have configured all your IP addresses now you must configure your router. Once you are connected to a wired ethernet network you can then share access to the internet, share information and share printers.



Tips & Warnings
  • If you cannot see other computers on the network, make sure that all the cables are connected correctly, that each computer has it's own name and the workgroup has the same name.

IP Logical Network Design

This is one of the task which you need to do is do after you have decided to set up a network (wired or wireless) at home. This is the process to decide the IP addresses, netmask for your computers, router and other network devices.

Since each IP address assigned to your computer must be unique, you can’t simply assign an IP address to your computer.

Here are 3 recommended IP ranges you can used in your network. These 3 blocks of private IP address space are reserved by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for private network, such as home network.

3 Private IP address space:

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

You can use these 3 Private IP address space in your network without worrying it will conflict with the IP addresses in Internet.

After deciding the IP addresses to be used, let’s decide what netmask to be used. Netmask will decide how many IP addresses available to be used in your network. I usually use 255.255.255.0 for having 254 addresses to be assigned. There is a network address and broadcast address which can’t be used for IP assigning. Network address is used to represent that particular created network, whereas broadcast address is used to talk to all computers in that particular network.

Below are some examples for assigning IP addresses in your network.

Example 1:

I have 5 computers and a router in my network. I will assign 10.0.0.1 to the router, 10.0.0.2 – 10.0.0.6 to other 5 computers. I use netmask 255.255.255.0 for this network, so that I can assign IP addresses 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.254 in the network. Network address is 10.0.0.0, broadcast address is 10.0.0.255.

Example 2:

I have 8 computers, 2 notebooks and a router in my network. I will assign 172.16.10.1 to the router, 172.16.10.2 – 172.16.10.9 to other 8 computers and 172.16.10.10 – 172.16.10.11 to other 2 notebooks. I use netmask 255.255.255.0 for this network, so that I can assign IP addresses 172.16.10.1 – 172.16.10.254 in the network. Network address is 172.16.10.0, broadcast address is 172.16.10.255.

Example 3:

I have 8 computers, a router and a network printer in my network. I will assign 192.168.1.1 to the router, 192.168.1.2 to the network printer and 192.168.1.3 – 192.168.1.10 to other 8 computers. I use netmask 255.255.255.0 for this network, so that I can assign IP addresses 192.168. 1.1 – 192.168.1.254 in the network. Network address is 192.168.1.0, broadcast address is 192.168.1.255.

Try this online simple IP calculator. Try to enter network address 192.168.1.0 and number of subnet 1, then click calculate. You will get detailed information about this network. Try it..

If you wish to learn more about IP or network subnet, here is useful IP and subnetting site with video presentation.

How to Reset Your BIOS

Did you recently upgrade your PC, change its components, or test a setting in the BIOS that now stops it from power up all the way? Here's how to reset your BIOS.

http://itsupportjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/cmos.jpg


Steps

  1. Power down your PC.
  2. Locate a rocker-style switch at the back of your PC (if applicable), and switch it from the on position (I) to the off position (O).
  3. Find the 3-pin jumper near the battery, typically labeled "clear cmos" or "reset bios".
  4. Remove the jumper from the default position (typically connecting the 1st and 2nd pins).
  5. Replace the jumper to connect the 2nd and 3rd pins.
  6. Push the power button on the front of your PC once.
  7. Wait a minute.
  8. Return the jumper to its default position, connecting the 1st and 2nd pins.
  9. Move the rocker-style switch at the back of your PC (if applicable), to the on (I) position.
  10. Power on your PC with its front power button.

If it doesn't work go to alternate options


Alternate Method 1

  1. Locate a rocker-style switch at the back of your PC (if applicable), and switch it from the on position (I) to the off position (O).
  2. Remove the CMOS battery. This should be a regular 3V, round, flat watch battery.
  3. Wait at least 5 minutes.
  4. Reinsert the CMOS battery.
  5. Move the rocker-style switch at the back of your PC (if applicable), to the on (I) position.
  6. Power on your PC with its front power button.


Alternate Method 2

  1. Turn on your computer and press the key on your keyboard to enter the BIOS. This is typically the Del (delete) key. Pre-built systems from major manufacturers may use a function key such as F1, F2, or F10.
  2. Go to the last tab or page of your BIOS.
  3. Select an option similar to "restore factory settings".
  4. Save your changes and confirm your selection if necessary. This will often be combined with the process of exiting a BIOS. Some BIOS types may have this as a separate option such as "F10: Save Changes".


Tips

  • Don't forget to configure your BIOS after this process. Without any custom configuration, most system should still function adequately with their default settings.


PhoenixBIOS Beep Code Troubleshooting

PhoenixBIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by Phoenix Technologies. A majority of modern motherboard manufacturers have integrated Phoenix Technologies' PhoenixBIOS into their systems.

Several custom implementations of the PhoenixBIOS system exist in many popular motherboards. The beep codes from a Phoenix-based BIOS may be exactly the same as the true Phoenix beep codes below or they may vary. You can always check your motherboard manual to be sure.

Note: PhoenixBIOS beep codes are short, sound in quick succession, and usually sound immediately after powering on the PC.

1 Beep

A single beep from a Phoenix based BIOS is actually an "all systems clear" notification. Technically, it's an indication that the Power On Self Test is complete. No troubleshooting necessary!

1 Long Beep, 2 Short Beeps

One long beep followed by two short beeps indicates that there has been a checksum error. This means that there is some kind of motherboard issue. Replacing the motherboard should fix this problem.

1-2-2-3 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-2-2-3 beep code pattern means that there has been a BIOS ROM checksum error. Literally, this would indicate an issue with the BIOS chip on the motherboard. Since replacing a BIOS chip is often not possible, this Phoenix BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the entire motherboard.

1-3-1-1 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there has been an issue while testing the DRAM refresh. This could be a problem with the system memory, an expansion card, or the motherboard.

1-3-1-3 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-3-1-3 beep code pattern means that the 8742 keyboard controller test has failed. This usually means that there is a problem with the currently connected keyboard but it could also indicate a motherboard issue.

1-3-4-1 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there is some kind of issue with the RAM. Replacing the system memory usually fixes this problem.

1-3-4-3 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern indicates some kind of issue with the memory. Replacing the RAM is the usual recommendation for solving this problem.

1-4-1-1 Beep Code Pattern

A 1-4-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there is an issue with the system memory. Replacing the RAM usually fixes this problem.

2-1-2-3 Beep Code Pattern

A 2-1-2-3 beep code pattern means that there has been a BIOS ROM error, meaning an issue with the BIOS chip on the motherboard. This Phoenix BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the motherboard.

2-2-3-1 Beep Code Pattern

A 2-2-3-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there has been an issue while testing hardware related to IRQs. This could be a hardware or misconfiguration problem with an expansion card or some kind of motherboard failure.

Other Phoenix Beep Codes

Many other PhoenixBIOS beep codes exist but are very uncommon. If you happen to come across a Phoenix beep code that I don't have listed above, let me know and I'll add the beep code and associated troubleshooting information to the list above.

AwardBIOS Beep Code Troubleshooting

AwardBIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by Award, now owned by Phoenix Technologies. Many popular motherboard manufacturers use Award's AwardBIOS in their systems.

Other motherboard manufacturers have created custom BIOS software based on the AwardBIOS system. The beep codes from an AwardBIOS-based BIOS may be the same as the original AwardBIOS beep codes (below) or they may vary a little. You can always reference your motherboard's manual if you to be sure.

Note: AwardBIOS beep codes sound in quick succession and usually immediately after powering on the PC.

1 Short Beep

A single, short beep from an Award based BIOS is actually an "all systems clear" notification. In other words, this is a beep code you want to hear and that you've probably been hearing each time your computer comes on since the day you purchased it. No troubleshooting necessary!

1 Long Beep, 2 Short Beeps

One long beep followed by two short beeps indicates that there has been some kind of error with the video card. Replacing the video card is usually the most you'll have to do to fix this one.

1 Long Beep, 3 Short Beeps

One long beep followed by three short beeps means that either the video card isn't installed or the memory on the video card is bad. Reseating or replacing the video card will typically fix the cause of this Award beep code.

1 High Pitched Beep, 1 Low Pitched Beep (Repeating)

A repeating high pitched / low pitched beep pattern is an indication of some kind of CPU problem. The CPU could be overheating or malfunctioning in some other way.

1 High Pitched Beep (Repeating)

A single, repeating, high pitched beeping sound means that the CPU is overheating. You'll need to figure out why the CPU is getting too hot before this Award beep code will go away.

Important: Turn your computer off immediately if you hear this beep code. The longer your CPU is running hot, the higher the chance that you'll permanently damage this expensive part of your system.

All Other Beep Codes

Any other beep code pattern you hear means that there has been some kind of memory problem. Replacing your RAM is the most you'll need to do to fix this problem.

AMIBIOS Beep Code Troubleshooting

AMIBIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by American Megatrends (AMI). Many popular motherboard manufacturers have integrated AMI's AMIBOS into their systems.

Other motherboard manufacturers have created custom BIOS software based on the AMIBIOS system. The beep codes from an AMIBIOS-based BIOS may be exactly the same as the true AMIBIOS beep codes below or they may vary slightly. You can always reference your motherboard's manual if you think this might be an issue.

Note: AMIBIOS beep codes are short, sound in quick succession, and usually sound immediately after powering on the PC.

1 Beep

A single beep from an AMI based BIOS means there has been a memory refresh timer error. The solution is often to replace the RAM in the computer.

2 Beeps

Two beeps means there has been a parity error in base memory. This is an issue with the first 64KB block of memory in your RAM. The solution is usually to replace the memory.

3 Beeps

Three beeps means there has been a base memory read/write test error. Replacing the RAM usually solves this AMI beep code.

4 Beeps

Four beeps means that the motherboard timer is not working properly. A hardware failure with an expansion card or the motherboard itself could be the cause of this beep code.

5 Beeps

Five beeps means there has been a processor error. A damaged expansion card, the CPU, or the motherboard could be prompting this AMI beep code.

6 Beeps

Six beeps means that there has been an 8042 Gate A20 test error. This beep code is usually caused by an expansion card that has failed or the motherboard that is no longer working.

7 Beeps

Seven beeps indicates a general exception error. This AMI beep code could be caused by an expansion card problem, a motherboard hardware issue, or a damaged CPU. Replacing the faulty hardware usually fixes the cause of this beep code.

8 Beeps

Eight beeps means that there has been an error with the display memory. This beep code is usually caused by a faulty video card. Replacing the video card usually clears this up.

9 Beeps

Nine beeps means that there has been an AMIBIOS ROM checksum error. Literally, this would indicate an issue with the BIOS chip on the motherboard. However, since replacing a BIOS chip is sometimes impossible, this AMI BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the motherboard.

10 Beeps

Ten beeps means that there has been a CMOS shutdown register read/write error. This beep code is usually caused by a hardware issue with the AMI BIOS chip. A motherboard replacement will usually solve this problem, although it could be caused by a damaged expansion card in rare situations.

11 Beeps

Eleven beeps means that the cache memory test has failed. Some piece of failing hardware is usually to blame for this AMI BIOS beep code.

Troubleshoot Beep Codes

If you're hearing beep codes after you turn your computer on, it typically means that the system has encountered some kind of problem before it was able to display any kind of error information on the monitor.

Follow the steps below to determine what system problem the beep code is representing.

Difficulty: Average
Time Required: Anywhere from 10 minutes to a few hours depending on the cause of the beep code

Here's How:

  1. Power on the computer or restart it if it's already on.

  2. Listen very carefully to the beep codes that sound when the computer begins to boot.

    Restart your computer if you need to hear the beeping again. You're not likely to make whatever problem you have worse by restarting a few times.

  3. Write down, in whatever way makes sense to you, how the beeps sound.

    Important: Pay close attention to the number of beeps, if the beeps are long or short and if the beeping repeats or not. There is a big difference between a "beep-beep-beep" beep code and a "beep-beep" beep code.

    This is all important information that will help determine what issue the beep codes are representing.

  4. What steps you take to solve a particular beep code will differ depending on the BIOS manufacturer.

Laptop Battery Life

There are many factors that effect the life of a laptop's battery.
  1. Improper power settings:

    Be sure that you check your computers power settings to make sure that you are taking advantage of your laptop's energy saving mode.

    Windows includes two power schemes that were created specifically for mobile PCs.
    • The Portable/Laptop power scheme minimizes the use of power to conserve your battery, but adjusts to your processing needs so that the system speed is not sacrificed.
    • The Max Battery power scheme minimizes power use but does not adjust as your processing demands change. You should use Max Battery only in situations that require minimal processing, such as reading documents and taking notes in a meeting.

    To use a power scheme designed to maximize battery life:

    1. Go to Start>> Control Panel

    2. In Control Panel, verify that you're in Category view, and then select Performance and Maintenance

    3. Click Power Options.

    4. Select the Power Schemes tab

    5. Click the arrow under Power schemes, and then click Max Battery

    6. Click OK

    You can also create a custom power scheme to suit your specific needs. You can create as many custom power schemes as you want.

  2. Running heavy resource eating programs:

    Don't expect your battery to get you through a 2 hour movie. Watching movies on your laptop is a huge drain on the battery life. If you had a second battery on hand, this would probably be OK.
  3. Monitor brightness setting:

    The largest resource hog for a laptop battery is the systems monitor. You can add some life by finding the brightness control and turning it down as far as you can stand.
  4. Age of the battery:

    Many people believe that a laptops battery is only good for about a year. This sure hasn't been the case for me. I have been a power user on many laptops for many years and I can tell you that a laptop battery seems to do very well way past the first year on into the second. But, after the second year, you will probably notice a performance fade.
  5. Type of battery:
    • Lithium-ion Battery:

If you are using a laptop with a Lithium-ion battery (most newer laptops), it should give you between 300-500 charge/discharge cycles. This type of battery doesn't like full discharges and should be avoided when-ever possible. The technology is still being enhanced and should continue to be the battery of choice for laptop manufactures in the future. Elevated temperatures seem to have an adverse effect on this batteries life. Lithium-ion battery manufactures believe that a typical life span should be somewhere between 2 to 3 years. Most lithium-ion batteries fail because of exposure to excessive heat rather than the charge/discharge habits of the user.

  • Nickel-based Battery:

(nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride) Unlike the lithium based battery, this battery likes being discharged and then fully charged. If a Nickel-based battery is always partially discharged before recharging, the usable capacity of the battery will be reduced. This battery has a voltage capacity 3 times less than the Lithium battery (1.2 V -vs- 3.6 V) making it less commonly used in the portable industry. If your laptop is 3 or more years old, then most likely you have this type of battery.

Battery Disposal:

As with any battery, your laptop battery will not last forever. When you are ready to get rid of your old laptop and bring in a new model, please discard your battery in a responsible manor. Batteries contain hazardous material and are harmful to our environment. Many large retailers have made it easy for us to dispose of these, here are a few that participate:

  • Home Depot
  • Staples
  • Radio Shack

What's "Invalid startup directory, please check your pif file"?

Anytime I try to start up QBasic 4.5 on Windows XP, I get an error stating "Invalid startup directory, please check your pif file. Choose 'Close' to terminate the application." I know that this is a 16bit MS-DOS Subsystem, but this is the only program I am having trouble with. I recently upgraded to WinXP Pro, and needless to say, I was quite surprised when I couldn't write my programs anymore.

Boy... now there's a blast from the past. QBasic has a long history dating back to the days of MS-DOS. QBasic was the free Basic programming language interpreter that was included with MS-DOS, and eventually Windows, though it appears to have vanished from Windows XP, if not from earlier versions.

I feel a personal connection to QBasic. Why? I worked on it!

First, your question: ".PIF" files were the way that older versions of Windows kept track of the settings for some applications. Each application, say QBasic.exe, would have a corresponding PIF file, such as QBasic.pif.

"QBasic was the free Basic programming language interpreter that was included with MS-DOS"

In Windows XP, I believe it's safe to simply remove the QBasic.pif file. Try renaming it first, and seeing if that resolves your problem. You can also try right-clicking on the PIF file in Windows Explorer, selecting Properties, and changing the startup directory, that your error message is complaining about.

I dug up an old copy of QBasic and fired it up, without a .PIF file, on my Windows XP system:

QBasic

Like I said it brings back memories. While at Microsoft I worked on the on-line help technology used in QBasic's predecessor, QuickBasic, several other products, and in QBasic. Need proof? In a command shell, Type the on-line help file qbasic.hlp. The first two bytes are the "signature" that define what kind of a file this is. The signature for character mode help files? My initials: LN.

What processes in windows task manager should I be wary of?

I don't mean this to sound snippish or snide, but the only reasonable answer is really ...

All of them.

Or perhaps put another way ...

All the ones you don't recognize, and perhaps some of those that you do.

And I know, that's not really a reasonable answer at all. Let's look at what you can tell from the task list, and what you might consider looking at if you suspect a problem.

"Be wary of" is kind of a vague notion, because in reality, almost all programs can cause problems at one time or another - including those that are a part of Windows. If your system is working well and you have no problems, there's typically nothing I would have you look at in task manager specifically. As long as you're running up to date anti-spyware and anti-virus software, and just generally following all the recommendations on how to stay safe, it's probably not worth your time to worry about it.

However, if you have reason to suspect a problem, there are a few things you might look at.

Examine Process Names: The Processes tab on Task Manager, and my preferred replacement for it, process explorer, both list the programs running on your machine. (Be sure to check Show Processes from all users in Task Manager.) Those will be program names like svchost.exe or taskmgr.exe - names that probably mean nothing to most users.

Google each one that you don't recognize. Typically on the first page of results will include links to various sites that describe what that program does, or why it exists. Most, if not all, will have reasonable explanations that will make sense for your machine. For example I have a process "atiptaxx.exe" which turns out to be related to the ATI graphics card in my machine. Each machine will probably have a different set of programs running depending on its configuration or what additional software you have installed.

Examine CPU Usage: In both Task Manager and Process Explorer you can click on the "CPU" column header and the programs will list the processes running on your machine in order of who's using the computer's processor (or CPU) the most. Most of the, if your system is operating normally and not doing anything, the "System Idle Process" should be taking most of your computer's time. If it's something else, you can then see what that is (perhaps by Googling it, as above), or simply realizing that a specific program on your computer is actually doing something.

Examine Memory Usage: Once again in both Task Manager and Process Explorer you can click on the "Mem Usage" (or "Working Set" in Process Explorer) column header and see who's using the most of your computer's RAM. This will vary widely depending on what software you are running, and what it's been doing. In Process Explorer you can also click on the "Virtual Size" column header to see who's using the most total virtual memory (both in RAM, and swapped out to disk). Programs that are using excessive amounts of memory can often degrade your systems performance.

In general, though, the best way to keep your system safe is to make sure you're following those stay safe recommendations. There's rarely a need to watch programs in Task Manager, or more specifically, there's rarely a reason to "be wary" of programs in Task manager, unless you're suspecting a problem that hasn't been identified through other means.

How To Enable Run Command

some times there is unexpected problem we encounter after we turn on the computer and notice that the Run command is missing in the start menu or even after pressing Ctrl+R is no Run showing. Here is the tutorial for that on how to enable it back.



  1. Is the Run Command checked off here: Right click the Start
    Button/Properties/Customize/Advanced/Run Command
  2. if that still doesnt work then goto "gpedit.msc" navigate to c:\windows\system32 and double-click on gpedit.msc

Group Policy Editor in Windows Explorer


Once in the Group Policy Editor, expand in turn:

  • User Configuration

  • Administrative Templates

And click on Start Menu and Taskbar. You should see something much like this:

Group Policy Editor, Start Menu and Taskbar Options


Double click on Remove Run menu from Start Menu to change its setting:

Remove Run Menu setting


It should be enough to click on Not Configured and then OK. If you now look at your Start menu properties, you should have the option of displaying the Run menu once again.

If you don't have Windows XP Pro, then you'll need to edit the registry manually.

Click Start, then click Run type in regedit and click on OK.

Or, since you probably don't have Run, using Windows Explorer you can double click on regedt32.exe in c:\windows\system32.

Expand these registry keys in turn:

  • HKEY_CURRENT_USER

  • Software

  • Microsoft

  • Windows

  • CurrentVersion

  • Policies

  • Explorer

You should see something similar to this:

Explorer Policies in Registrt Editor


Right Click on the NoRun item and click on Delete. Confirm that you want to delete, and you should have the option of displaying the Run menu once again.

One thing to note is that it's quite possible that if you're in an environment managed by a centralized policy, these settings may have no effect. Your IT administrator may set things up so as to disable the run command, and other things as well at the domain level. You'll need to ask them if this is the case.

How to Find a Good Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Instructions



  • Find out your computer's operating system, processor speed, modem speed, RAM and hard disk space. Keep these parameters in mind when considering potential ISPs. (Non-Windows users will especially need to ask if ISPs can accommodate them.)

  • Ask your friends and colleagues which ISPs they use.

  • Look in the yellow pages under "Internet" for ISPs in your area.

  • Check newspapers, magazines, television and other media resources for offers from large, national ISPs. Many large ISPs offer their services for free on a brief trial basis. Keep an eye out for free ISP installation CDs in the mail.

  • If you have online access already, browse the Web for different local and commercial ISPs. Many sites offer software for free download.

  • Once you have some possibilities, contact various providers and ask about features, billing rates and system requirements. Common features include e-mail, access to the World Wide Web, newsreading capabilities, chat and instant messaging, but think about other capabilities you might need. Do you want to post your own Web site? Do you need a Unix shell? And so on.

  • Consider technical support services - does the ISP offer technical support by phone, and if so, what are the hours? Realize that if your service isn't working, you can't get support via e-mail.

  • Ask whether the ISP requires a setup or installation fee.

  • Determine if you need to purchase service for a certain length of time, of if you can get the service month to month.

  • Ask the ISP what the "user to modem" ratio is - in other words, how many ISP users are there per ISP modem? A higher ratio means that the ISP is less likely to slow down due to heavy traffic.



Tips & Warnings
  • Many ISPs offer flat service rates, often around $20 per month. This is the best option if you'll be spending large amounts of time online. Some free ISPs are also available, but these usually have some sort of catch, like advertising appearing on your screen.
  • Large ISPs are a good alternative to local providers if you travel frequently and want to avoid paying long distance charges to dial in. Large ISPs will also enable you to contact a larger group of users.
  • Be sure to carefully review the Terms of Service and other fine print of any ISP before signing on.

How to Understand PPP

Instructions

  1. Understand that when you dial your ISP's access number with your computer modem your computer communicates with the ISP's server via PPP.

  2. Recognize that when you make an Internet-related request, such as sending e-mail or accessing a Web page, your computer uses PPP to send this request to your ISP's server.

  3. Realize that the ISP server then sends the request out to the Internet using the TCP/IP protocol. In this way, the ISP acts as a sort of middleman between your computer and the Internet.

  4. Understand that once the requested information has been received from the Internet the ISP server sends it back to your computer, again via PPP.


Tips & Warnings
  • Discussion of PPP often includes discussion of Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Compressed SLIP (CSLIP), which are two earlier, largely obsolete protocols for using TCP/IP over phone lines. CSLIP is faster than SLIP, but PPP is preferred over both SLIP and CSLIP.
  • Your ISP will need to tell you how to configure PPP on your computer.

How to Understand TCP/IP

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Although these words may be daunting, TCP/IP is nothing more than a language that computers use to communicate with each other over the Internet. The TCP/IP system functions in two layers: TCP and IP. To get an idea of how this works, review the following description of a typical TCP/IP transfer.



Instructions

  1. Understand that when you send information (such as a file) over the Internet, the higher level, TCP, translates the information into small packets that can be sent easily from one computer to another. Each packet is labeled with its destination address, as well as the order it should go in when the packets are reassembled into one file.

  2. Recognize that once the information has been properly bundled, the lower level, IP, locates the target IP address and sends the packets over the Internet to the target computer.

  3. Realize that the IP layer of the target computer receives the packets and transfers them to the target computer's TCP layer, which assembles the packets back into information that the user can understand.


Tips & Warnings
  • To access the Internet, your computer needs to understand TCP/IP. If you have Windows 95 or later, or Mac OS 7.5 or later, TCP/IP is included in your system software.
  • When you set up your computer to use the Internet, you might use a TCP/IP control panel or control panel section. Your ISP will need to tell you what settings to use in these control panels; the settings vary greatly from ISP to ISP. (Some ISPs will make the settings for you automatically if you use your modem to set up your account.)
  • TCP/IP wasn't created to work over serial lines, such as your telephone line. PPP, or the Point-to-Point protocol, is one way of translating TCP/IP over a modem connection. Typically, your computer will connect to your ISP via PPP, and then connect from your ISP's computers via TCP/IP.
  • The above description is very general. To fully understand the finer points of TCP/IP, further research is suggested.


How to Understand IP Addresses

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a numerical sequence that uniquely identifies a given computer, or host, within a network on the Internet at a given time. To be able to use the Internet, your computer needs an IP address to identify it.



Instructions

  1. Understand that when you log on to the Internet, your ISP (or other Internet company) typically assigns you an IP address for your current session. This address normally changes each time you dial up. If you connect to the Internet from a local-area network, like you might at work, you might have an IP address permanently assigned to your computer.

  2. Realize that when you send an e-mail, access a Web page, or try to send or gather other information to or from the Internet, your Internet program looks up a target IP address (such as a Web page URL).

  3. Recognize that when the target IP address is located, your IP address is sent to the target address, at which point information, such as Web page data, is sent to your address from the target.



Tips & Warnings
  • The Domain Name System is what enables you to type in names (such as "http://kellcomtech.blogspot.com") instead of numerical IP addresses.
  • IP addresses are always in the format of four numbers from 0 to 255, separated by dots. A typical IP address might be "216.12.124.2". This is also referred to as a 32-bit number. Each area in the IP address represents 1 byte - 8 bits - of the computer's memory.
  • IP addresses may be static or dynamic. A dynamic address is assigned only for the length of time of a given Internet session - for instance, from the time you dial up to the time you terminate your connection. A static address is assigned permanently. Most ISPs assign dynamic addresses; you get one when you dial in. DSL users have static addresses.


How to Run Windows on a Mac

After reading this document you will learn how to easily install and run Windows on your Mac.



Instructions

Things You'll Need:

  • Any Intel based Apple server/laptop, ie:iMac, Mac Book, Mac Book Pro
  • A copy of VMware Fusion 2.0 with a valid license
  • A copy of Windows 2000, XP, or Vista with a valid license key.
  1. Install VMware Fusion 2.0
  2. Insert your Windows CD-ROM into your optical drive.

    You will need a valid Windows product key. Windows CDs that came
    shipped with a previous physical computer are likely locked to that
    machine and might not work.

  3. From the Virtual Machine Library window, click the New button or
    choose File > New.
    The New Virtual Machine Assistant launches.

  4. In the Introduction panel, ensure that Install this operating system is
    selected, and click Continue.

  5. In the Windows Easy Install panel, enter your Display Name/Account
    Name, Password (optional), and Windows Product Key.
    The entry in the Display Name/Account Name field appears in
    information boxes as the name your Windows software is registered to.
    It is not the Windows user name. The entry in the Password field is the
    password for the windows administrator account only. The Product key
    is not provided by VMware. It is on the sticker attached to the packaging
    for the Windows operating system CD-ROM.

  6. In the Sharing panel, indicate how you want the new virtual machine to
    handle basic file sharing.

  7. In the Finish panel, click Finish.
    VMware Fusion installs Windows. This can take up to 45 minutes. After
    installing Windows, VMware Fusion installs VMware Tools, and powers
    on the virtual machine.



How to Run Mac OS on a Windows Computer?

The Mac OS X operating system allows individuals to install and run the Microsoft Windows operating system on a Macintosh. However, such cross-platform support is not available on a PC. It is not possible to install the Mac OS natively on a Windows computer. Thankfully, it is possible to circumvent such technical difficulties by using a software emulator. This essentially tricks the Mac OS into thinking it is operating on Mac hardware. Learn how to run Mac OS X on a Windows computer to increase productivity and enable your computer to run programs for both software platforms.



Instructions

Things You'll Need:

  • Mac OS X software license Mac OS X installation disk

  1. Click the "Start" menu button in the lower left-hand corner of your PC's screen. Select "My Computer." Right-click the C:\\ and D:\\ drives on your hard drive and click "Properties." Open the Tools tab and click "Defragment Now." This will scan your entire hard drive and re-arrange the Windows data files so that the hard drive operates more efficiently.
  2. Download the PearPC PowerPC Architecture Emulator (see Resources below). Depending on your Internet connection, this download may take several hours. The PearPC software is open-source and free. PearPC will create an emulation of the Mac hardware on your PC to enable you to install and run the Mac OS.

  3. Double-click the PearPC file that you downloaded. This automatically extracts the contents of the file onto your local hard drive. When the dialog box asks you to choose a location, select your desktop.

  4. Create a disk image of your Mac OS X installation disk. You must own the original installation disk to comply with all legal requirements of installing the Mac operating system. Insert the Mac OS X installation disk into your PC or Mac and open it with a commercial disk copier program (such as Nero or Toast) or the standard disk utility software that is included in your computer. Click "File" and select "Create Disk Image."

  5. Save the disk image to your PearPC installation folder. If you created the disk image on another computer, use a USB cable, flash drive or CD/DVD disk to transfer the disk image to the Windows-based PC on which you wish to install the Mac OS.

  6. Open the PearPC program file that you saved to your Desktop. In the welcome screen, click "Create New Configuration File."

  7. Follow the installation prompts. PearPC will ask you where to locate the Mac OS X disk image that you saved, as well as the original PearPC data files (on your Desktop). Complete the installation process by clicking "Next" and following each step in the dialog box. Do not close the dialog box until the installation is complete. Upon completion of the installation process, the PearPC emulator will place a Mac OS X icon on your Windows desktop.

  8. Double-click the Mac OS X icon on your desktop. This will open the PearPC emulator and launch your Mac OS X installation image disk.

  9. Follow the Mac OS X installation prompts in the dialog box that appears. The installation disk image is working from within the PearPC emulator software and will function in the exact manner as it would if it was running natively on Mac hardware. Because you are using an emulator, the Mac OS may not function at the same speed as it would on a Mac. Thus, the installation may take several hours.

  10. Shut down the emulator and restart your PC upon completion of the Mac OS installation process. You now have a fully-functional copy of the Mac OS X operating system on a Windows computer. Launch the emulator and your copy of the Mac OS anytime you need to use a Mac program that requires the Mac OS.


http://pearpc.sourceforge.net/downloads.html


Tips & Warnings
  • Backup your PC hard drive before attempting a heavy program installation such as another operating system.
  • The Mac OS running non-natively on a Windows PC will be significantly slower in speed than the Mac OS X on a native Mac system.

How to connect to Cisco router using Hyper Terminal

Instructions
  1. Connect console cable from your PC to Cisco router

  2. Open up Hyper Terminal (START > ALL PROGRAMS> ACCESSORIES > COMMUNICATIONS > HYPER TERMINAL)

  3. Choose name and icon (could be anything)

  4. Choose your routers settings (usually Cisco routers are 9600 bits per second)

  5. Click enter to start session

How to Network Your Computers

Instructions

    Learn the jargon


  1. A router relays data between your broadband Internet connection and your individual computers.


  2. A network adapter connects to each computer. It sends data from the computer to the router.


  3. An Internet protocol (IP) address is your computer's unique identification on the Internet. When you have a home network, all your computers share one IP address.


  4. A print server is a special network adapter that's used to connect a printer to a network. With a print server, several computers can share one printer.

  5. Choose a network type


  6. Network your computers wirelessly over radio waves using a special type of router called an access point. One access point can serve most average-sized homes. The trade name for this technology is Wi-Fi or 802.11b, or its faster cousin, 802.11g. Wi-Fi products should be compatible with each other regardless of brand. Wireless Networks. work for people who move from room to room with their laptops, or want to use them in cafe's, airports and other places with wireless service.


  7. Use your home's electrical wiring to connect the router to each computer with a powerline network. The trade name for this technology is HomePlug. HomePlug networks are more secure than Wi-Fi networks and don't require special wiring. However, it's the newest technology and tends to be the most expensive.


  8. Hook up with the most secure home network, a wired network, sometimes called Ethernet, 10-Base-T or 100-Base-T. If your broadband connection, router and all computers are in one room, it's the best choice. But because of its special wiring, it's also the least flexible if your needs change.

  9. Buy the equipment


  10. Get one router. If you're going wireless, this router is called an access point or base station.


  11. Get a network adapter for each computer. The simplest ones plug into the computer's universal serial bus (USB) port. If you're using a wired network, your computer probably already has an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) in it.


  12. Purchase extra-long Ethernet cables (also called Category 5 or Cat5 cables) if you're using a wired network.


  13. Buy a print server if you want to put a printer on your network. Make sure the connectors on your print server and printer match.

  14. Set it up


  15. Start reading and experimenting. Many products have surprisingly good manuals and online support, and many Web sites are packed with good advice, such as HomeNetHelp.com, PracticallyNetworked.com and compnetworking.about.com. Many manufacturers offer online advice. Good technical support can make a huge difference in your installation, especially if you're not particularly patient or computer savvy.


  16. If you're putting in a wired network, run cables to your stereo or home theater. Many new home entertainment components including Digital Video recorders and game systems are Internet-enabled.



Tips & Warnings
  • Hybrid networks are very popular. For example, you can have wired Ethernet going to a desktop computer and printer in your home office, and a wireless access point for a roaming laptop and a desktop in a bedroom.
  • Microwave ovens and some cordless phones can interfere with wireless networks. If you have problems, move the access point and experiment with different channels.
  • Competing network technologies brag about their speed differences, but if you're sharing a broadband Internet connection, the claims are probably irrelevant. Most broadband connections to homes run considerably slower than any home network's rated speed.
  • When you first fire up a router, change its password. Every hacker and mischiefmaker on the Internet knows default passwords. Wireless network owners should also enable wireless encryption protocol (WEP) to keep information private.

How to Network Computers Using a Hub

Networking computers is a complex process with a variety of options, each dictating use of specific hardware, cabling and software. When connecting to an existing network, your network administrator should be able to tell you how to connect. These steps are for a Windows-based computer.



Instructions

Things You'll Need:

  • hub
  • router
  • more than two computers
  • straight-through network cable
  • power adapter
  • blank disk

  1. To set up a network using a hub without Internet Access. (Make sure all computers are off)
    Take one end of the power adapter and plug it into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.


  2. Turn on your computers.
    Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into one of the numbered ports on the hub. Take the other end and plug it into the computer’s network jack. If you did it right, green lights should come on. Repeat steps above for the remaining computers.


  3. To set up a network using a hub with router for internet access(Make sure all computers are off)
    Take one end of the power adapter and plug into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.


  4. Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into the uplink port on the hub. Take the other end and of the cable and plug it into the uplink port on the router. If it only has one port, use the LAN port and set the switch to crossover located on the back of the router.


  5. Turn on your computers.
    Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug it into one of the numbered ports on the hub (except the uplink port). Take the other end and plug it into the network connector on the computer. If you did it right, green lights should come on, as you connect each computer.


  6. Repeat the above steps for the remaining computers.
    To configure Windows for the wired connection
    Make sure everything is connected and turned on. Click on Start, All Programs, Accessories, Communications, then click Network
    Setup Wizard. The Network Setup Wizard opens.


  7. Click next and the select a connection method
    If you get any message other than ‘select a connection method’, you must check and make sure that all the cables are connected correctly. It will also say this if you have a wireless ethernet connection already installed in your computer. If this is the case simply click on ‘ignore disconnected network hardware’ and click on next.


  8. If you are using the internet click on ‘this computer connects through the internet through another computer on my network or through a residential gateway’
    If you are not using the internet click on ‘this computer belongs to a network that does not have internet connection’


  9. Click next. The message ‘your computer has multiple connections’ will appear if your computer has wired and wireless ethernet capabilities.
    If it does select the ‘let me choose the connection to my network’
    Click to select the Local Area Connection box, then click next.


  10. Type a description of the computer in the computer description box
    Type a computer name in the computer name box. Names must be 15 characters and can contain both numbers and letters. It will be used to identify your computer to other users on the network.


  11. Click next and type a workgroup name in the workgroup name box. The name must be the same for all the computers on the network and the name must be different than any computer name on your network.


  12. Click next to apply the network settings. Since you are setting up an ethernet network for the other computers, select Create a network disk so that you can use it on the other computers on your network.
    Click on Finish. Each computer on your network must have a unique name but the same workgroup name.


  13. To configure the TCP/IP protocol. This becomes the default when networking is set up Windows XP.
    To enter the IP address and subnet mask in Windows XP, go to Start, Control Panel, Network and Internet Connections(in category view). Double click on network connections.


  14. Right-click Local Area Connection, then click Properties. Check the Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) box under the ‘This connection uses the following items’. Click on properties, then the general tab ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ assuming that your router automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on the network.


  15. Click Ok to close the Internet Protocol box, Click ok to close the Local Area connection dialog box, Click x to close the Network Connections window.


  16. Repeat this procedure for every computer on your network. After you have configured all your IP addresses now you must configure your router. Once you are connected to a wired ethernet network you can then share access to the internet, share information and share printers.



Tips & Warnings
  • If you cannot see other computers on the network, make sure that all the cables are connected correctly, that each computer has it's own name and the workgroup has the same name.


How to Choose a Computer Network Hub

A hub connects computers and other devices on a local area client/server network. A cable connects the network cards on each device to one of the ports on the hub. Ethernet is the most common local area networking system (cables, network cards, and data transfer software that all work together).



Instructions

Things You'll Need:

  • 10/100 or 100 Mbps PCI Ethernet Cards
  • Ethernet Hub

  1. Get a hub that is the same speed as your network cards (10 Mbps for Ethernet or 100 Mbps for fast Ethernet) or a dual speed (10/100 Mbps) hub.


  2. Decide how many ports you need: one for each computer or other device to be connected now and in the future.


  3. Choose between a passive hub and an intelligent hub (also called a manageable hub). Expect to pay more for more speed and versatility.


  4. Find out what technical support the manufacturer offers.



Tips & Warnings
  • Kits with a hub, two Ethernet cards, and cable are available.
  • Hubs have a minimum of four or five ports.
  • A passive hub merely allows interconnectivity. An intelligent hub allows you to configure, monitor, and troubleshoot each port using software that comes with it. You can use passive hubs in conjunction with intelligent hubs.
  • Besides Ethernet, other networking systems include Token Ring and FDDI.
  • The simplest kind of Windows computer network, a peer-to-peer network, doesn't require a hub.


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